How Europe taxes crypto.

The ordinary rule for a private investor selling, swapping or spending crypto, in all 34 countries: the rules, dated and qualified, with the conditions that decide them.

Where a private gain can be exempt

Find countries where a private investor’s disposal gain can become exempt under an ordinary holding-period or disposal rule. Staking, mining, rewards and commercial activity are outside this reference case.

Croatia: A crypto sale for money carries 12% tax within two years of acquisition and is exempt after two years. A crypto-to-crypto exchange is deferred.
Czechia: A private crypto gain can be exempt after three years or under the annual proceeds test. Otherwise it enters the 15% or 23% income-tax bands.
Germany: A private sale, swap or spend within one year is added to your other income. The year's private-disposal gains are exempt only while they stay below the €1,000 threshold. Reach it and the whole amount is taxable. After more than one year, a qualifying private crypto gain is exempt. Staking, mining and business activity differ.
Luxembourg: A private crypto gain is exempt after a holding period of more than six months. A shorter holding is speculative income taxed at the progressive rates, subject to the shared €500 annual exemption.
Malta: A passive disposal of a payment coin is normally outside Malta's listed capital-gains assets. Trading, mining and security-token returns follow different income rules.
Portugal: A private sale or spend is exempt after at least 365 days and taxed at 28% before then. A crypto-to-crypto swap delays the gain until a later taxable sale. Staking, lending, mining and validation follow income rules instead.
Slovenia: A private crypto disposal is outside income tax when the activity is not a business. Mining, staking and business trading follow the income rules.
Switzerland: A private crypto sale, exchange or spend produces an exempt capital gain. Rewards are income when received, and the holding enters annual wealth tax.

All 34 countries

The ordinary rule for a private holder, country by country. Open a country for staking, mining, business activity, the arrival year and the sources.

Country	Private crypto gains can be exempt	The ordinary rule
Andorra		A private crypto disposal carries 10% tax after the shared €3,000 savings allowance. The under-25% shareholding exemption does not extend to crypto.
Austria		Since 1 March 2022, a private crypto sale for money carries tax at 27.5%. A crypto-to-crypto exchange is deferred, while lending income is taxed at 27.5% when received.
Belgium		From 1 January 2026, a private crypto disposal generally carries 10% capital gains tax above the €10,000 annual exemption. Qualifying private gains were exempt under the previous rule.
Bulgaria		A private crypto disposal carries 10% tax on the annual net gain after a 10% deemed-cost deduction. The market exemption for securities does not extend to crypto, and there is no holding-period relief.
Croatia		A crypto sale for money carries 12% tax within two years of acquisition and is exempt after two years. A crypto-to-crypto exchange is deferred.
Cyprus		From 2026, a private sale, swap, gift or spend is taxed at 8%. A crypto loss can reduce only crypto gains from the same year. Mining follows the normal income rules, and non-dom status does not remove the 8% charge.
Czechia		A private crypto gain can be exempt after three years or under the annual proceeds test. Otherwise it enters the 15% or 23% income-tax bands.
Denmark		Every private crypto sale, exchange or spend is taxable, with gains reaching about 53%. Loss relief is narrower and does not fully match the gain charge.
Estonia		Every profitable private crypto sale, exchange or spend carries 22% tax, with no holding-period relief. Loss treatment depends in part on whether the platform has the required authorisation.
Finland		Every private crypto sale, exchange or spend is taxable at 30% or 34%. The deemed acquisition cost and small-sales exemption can still apply.
France		A private sale of crypto for money, or a spend, carries the 31.4% flat investment charge. Crypto-to-crypto exchanges without a cash payment are deferred, and annual sale proceeds of no more than €305 are exempt.
Germany		A private sale, swap or spend within one year is added to your other income. The year's private-disposal gains are exempt only while they stay below the €1,000 threshold. Reach it and the whole amount is taxable. After more than one year, a qualifying private crypto gain is exempt. Staking, mining and business activity differ.
Greece		No safe rate is shown for private crypto disposals or rewards. Reporting rules exist, but they do not settle the tax result.
Hungary		Private crypto transaction income carries 15% tax with no social tax. Crypto-to-crypto exchanges are deferred, and the annual result can include qualifying losses.
Iceland		A private crypto sale, exchange or spend is a capital gain taxed at 22%. Losses can offset capital gains, and holdings must be reported at year-end even though Iceland has no wealth tax.
Ireland		A private crypto disposal carries 33% capital gains tax. A crypto-to-crypto exchange is also taxable, with no holding-period relief.
Italy		From 2026, most private crypto gains carry 33% tax. Every sale, exchange or spend is taxable, and the holding also faces an annual value charge.
Latvia		A private crypto disposal carries 25.5% capital gains tax, with no holding-period relief or annual exemption. Staking, mining and other crypto receipts follow the separate income rules.
Liechtenstein		A private crypto sale, exchange or spend produces an exempt capital gain. The holding still enters the wealth-tax system at market value.
Lithuania		A private crypto sale, exchange or spend is a taxable property disposal. Non-regular annual gains of no more than €2,500 can be exempt.
Luxembourg		A private crypto gain is exempt after a holding period of more than six months. A shorter holding is speculative income taxed at the progressive rates, subject to the shared €500 annual exemption.
Malta		A passive disposal of a payment coin is normally outside Malta's listed capital-gains assets. Trading, mining and security-token returns follow different income rules.
Monaco		A private crypto sale, exchange or spend carries no Monaco income or capital-gains tax. Staking, mining and airdrop receipts are also untaxed for a private holder.
Netherlands		Private crypto sits in Box 3, so a sale, exchange or spend has no separate gain charge. The default uses a deemed return. Current relief substitutes a lower actual return.
Norway		Every private sale, swap or spend is taxed at 22%. Holding the tokens longer does not remove the tax. Staking, mining and airdrops are taxed as income when received, and the tokens also count towards annual wealth tax at full value.
Poland		A crypto sale for money, goods, services, property rights or debt settlement carries tax at 19% after documented acquisition costs. Crypto-to-crypto exchanges are tax-neutral.
Portugal		A private sale or spend is exempt after at least 365 days and taxed at 28% before then. A crypto-to-crypto swap delays the gain until a later taxable sale. Staking, lending, mining and validation follow income rules instead.
Romania		A private crypto gain carries tax at 16% from 2026. A gain of no more than RON 200 per transaction is exempt only when annual gains also stay within RON 600.
Slovakia		A private crypto gain carries 7% after more than one year. A shorter holding enters the income-tax bands plus the health levy.
Slovenia		A private crypto disposal is outside income tax when the activity is not a business. Mining, staking and business trading follow the income rules.
Spain		A private crypto sale or spend is a savings-base gain taxed at 19–30%, with no holding-period relief or annual exemption. A crypto-to-crypto exchange is also taxable.
Sweden		Every private crypto sale, exchange or spend is a taxable disposal at 30%. Only 70% of a remaining loss is deductible.
Switzerland		A private crypto sale, exchange or spend produces an exempt capital gain. Rewards are income when received, and the holding enters annual wealth tax.
United Kingdom		A private sale, swap or spend is taxed at 18% or 24%, after the shared £3,000 yearly exemption. The UK treats a resident's tokens as located in the UK, so FIG does not cover the gain. Staking, mining and some airdrops follow separate income rules.

This gives you the starting rule, not your final bill. The country paying the money, your treaty, account, holding period, residence dates and activity can change the result.

Every figure on this page was verified against official sources in July 2026. Open the full map